GLP-1

GLP-1 Overview

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Overview covers the biological characterization of this 30-amino acid peptide hormone, which serves as a vital component of the human incretin system. It is synthesized within the intestinal L-cells and is released into the systemic circulation almost immediately following the ingestion of nutrients. Its primary mode of action is the activation of the GLP-1 receptor, a specific G protein-coupled receptor that triggers intracellular signaling cascades involved in metabolic regulation.

Beyond its traditional role in the gut-pancreas axis, GLP-1 is increasingly recognized for its systemic influence. Research has identified receptor expression in the myocardium, vascular endothelium, and various regions of the brain, including the hypothalamus and hippocampus. This widespread expression underscores the peptide's importance in maintaining cardiovascular stability, neuro-protection, and homeostatic energy balance.

GLP-1 Structure

The chemical synthesis of GLP-1 ensures a high degree of structural fidelity compared to the endogenous hormone. The following table provides the foundational data for laboratory identification and characterization.

Structure Solution Formula: Carbon 149, Hydrogen 226, Nitrogen 40, Oxygen 45

Specification Parameter

Analytical Value

Molecular Mass

3297.6 Daltons

Sequence Length

30 Amino Acids

Peptide Purity

99.42 Percent

Physical State

Lyophilized Powder

Solubility

1 mg per mL in Water

Appearance

Fine White Solid

Source

Synthetic Solid-Phase Synthesis

GLP-1 Research

GLP-1 and Glucose Regulation

The most significant attribute of GLP-1 is its ability to stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. This ensures that the peptide promotes insulin release primarily when plasma glucose concentrations are high, thereby avoiding the risk of unintentional hypoglycemia. In addition to insulin stimulation, GLP-1 suppresses the release of glucagon from alpha cells, reducing the rate of hepatic glucose production and improving overall postprandial glycemic control.

GLP-1 and Appetite Control

GLP-1 acts as a potent mediator of satiety through its interaction with the central nervous system. By signaling the satiety centers in the brain, the peptide effectively reduces the desire for caloric intake. Studies suggest that this signaling dampens the reward-based motivation for food consumption, potentially assisting in the management of compulsive eating behaviors.

GLP-1 and Weight Management

In the context of weight regulation, GLP-1 research focuses on the slowing of gastric motility. By extending the duration that nutrients remain in the stomach, the peptide induces a prolonged sensation of fullness. This mechanism, combined with reduced energy intake and potential shifts in energy expenditure, has established GLP-1 as a primary focus for obesity and metabolic syndrome studies.

GLP-1 and Cardiometabolic Parameters

Experimental data indicate that GLP-1 may exert protective effects on the cardiovascular system. It has been observed to improve endothelial function and exert anti-inflammatory effects within the vascular walls. These cardiovascular benefits are often independent of the peptide's glucose-lowering effects, suggesting a direct protective role on the heart and blood vessels.

GLP-1 and Neurological Pathways

Current research is investigating the role of GLP-1 in preserving cognitive function. Receptors for this peptide in the brain are thought to modulate synaptic plasticity and protect against neurotoxic insults. This has led to expanded interest in using GLP-1 as a research tool for neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, where metabolic health and brain function intersect.

Article Author

This literature review was compiled, edited, and organized by Dr. Jens Juul Holst, M.D., D.M.Sc. Dr. Holst is a world-renowned authority in the field of endocrinology, credited with the discovery of the GLP-1 hormone and the characterization of its primary physiological actions.

Scientific Journal Author

The scientific foundation of this text is built upon the work of Dr. Jens Juul Holst and his collaborators, including Dr. Michael A. Nauck and Dr. Daniel J. Drucker. Their extensive bibliographies have provided the clinical evidence necessary to understand GLP-1 signaling. This citation is intended to acknowledge their academic impact and does not imply a commercial affiliation with Montreal Peptides Canada.

Reference Citations

Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007 Oct;87(4):1409-39. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2006. PMID: 17928588.

Nauck MA, Meier JJ. Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018 Feb;20 Suppl 1:5-21. doi: 10.1111/dom.13129. PMID: 29364587.

Lovshin JA, Drucker DJ. Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 May;5(5):262-9. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2009.48. PMID: 19444259.

Secher A et al. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced weight loss. J Clin Invest. 2014 Oct;124(10):4473-88. doi: 10.1172/JC175276. PMCID: PMC4191020.

Cummings BP et al. Preservation of cognitive function by GLP-1 receptor signaling. Neurobiol Aging. 2010 Jun;31(6):987-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.07.022. PMID: 18790567.

STORAGE

Storage Instructions

Peptides are delivered in a lyophilized form to maintain maximum stability during transit. Upon arrival, store the powder in a cold, dark, and dry environment. Once reconstituted, the peptide must be kept in a refrigerator at temperatures between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius.

Best Practices For Storing Peptides

To ensure product longevity, avoid unnecessary exposure to light and air. For storage exceeding six months, it is recommended to keep the lyophilized vials in a freezer at minus 80 degrees Celsius. Always ensure the vial reaches room temperature before opening to prevent internal condensation, which can lead to peptide degradation.