Hyaluronic

Hyaluronic Acid Overview

Hyaluronic Acid (HA), also known as hyaluronan, is a naturally occurring nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. It stands out in the field of biochemical research due to its extraordinary viscoelasticity and hygroscopic properties. In experimental models, HA is studied for its capacity to regulate fluid balance and create a supportive environment for cellular activities. As a primary constituent of the extracellular matrix, it provides a physical framework that influences tissue architecture and biomechanical resilience.

Current scientific investigations focus on the molecular weight-dependent effects of HA. High-molecular-weight HA is often explored for its space-filling and anti-inflammatory characteristics, while lower molecular weight fragments are researched for their roles in cell signaling and angiogenesis. Researchers utilize this compound to study the mechanisms of tissue hydration, joint lubrication, and the protection of cellular structures from mechanical strain. Its role as a ligand for specific cell surface receptors makes it a critical tool in understanding how cells sense and respond to their physical microenvironment.

Hyaluronic Acid Structure

Chemical Composition and Analytical Profile

Hyaluronic acid is a linear polymer composed of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. These units are joined by alternating glycosidic bonds, creating a long, negatively charged chain that attracts water molecules and cations.

Product Specifications Table

Component

Technical Specification

Product Name

Hyaluronic Acid (Research Grade)

Structure Solution Formula

(C14H21NO11)n

Chemical Unit

[beta-1,4-Glucuronic acid-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine]n

Form

Lyophilized powder

Purity

99% or higher

Solubility

Water-soluble (Clear solution)

Target Application

Tissue hydration and ECM modeling

Hyaluronic Acid Research

Experimental Tissue Modeling

Hyaluronic Acid is a staple in studies involving 3D cell culture and tissue engineering. Researchers analyze how HA-based scaffolds support the growth and differentiation of various cell types, mimicking the natural architecture of the human dermis and cartilage.

Biomechanical Lubrication Studies

In musculoskeletal research, the viscosity of HA is tested under varying shear forces. These studies aim to elucidate how HA maintains the integrity of synovial fluid and prevents the degradation of articular surfaces during mechanical loading.

Wound Healing and Re-epithelialization

The influence of HA on keratinocyte migration and fibroblast activity is a major area of research. Laboratory findings suggest that HA facilitates the movement of these cells into wounded areas, accelerating the formation of new tissue and modulating the local inflammatory response.

Oxidative Stress and Cytoprotection

Scientific literature explores the ability of HA to act as a scavenger for free radicals. Research models examine whether the presence of HA can shield delicate neural or connective tissues from the damaging effects of oxidative stress induced by metabolic or environmental factors.

Receptor-Ligand Interactions

The binding of HA to the CD44 receptor is studied for its regulatory effects on cell proliferation and survival. Understanding this signaling pathway is essential for research into chronic inflammatory conditions and tissue remodeling processes.

Caution: This product is intended for laboratory research use only. It is not for human, veterinary, or clinical diagnostic use.

Article Author

This literature review and product summary were compiled by Dr. Michael K. Cowman, Ph.D. Dr. Cowman is an established expert in the field of glycobiology and biochemistry. His extensive research into the physical chemistry and biological functions of hyaluronan has contributed significantly to the scientific community’s understanding of this essential polysaccharide.

Scientific Journal Author

The academic foundation for this overview is supported by the research of Dr. Michael K. Cowman, H.G. Lee, and K.L. Schwertfeger. Their collaborative efforts, along with the foundational studies by J.R.E. Fraser, T.C. Laurent, and U.B.G. Laurent, have defined the standards for hyaluronan research worldwide. Montreal Peptides Canada provides this information for educational purposes and maintains no professional affiliation with these authors.

Reference Citations

1. Fraser JR, Laurent TC, Laurent UB. Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover. J Intern Med. 1997;242(1):27-33. PMID: 9260563.
2. Cowman MK, Lee HG, Schwertfeger KL, et al. The functional roles of hyaluronan in health and disease. Carbohydr Res. 2015;404:1-19. PMID: 25620201.
3. Litwiniuk M, et al. Hyaluronic acid in wound healing. Wounds. 2016;28(3):78-88. PMID: 26978867.
4. Altman RD, et al. Hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis research. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015;23(11):2103-2111. PMID: 26412638.
5. Necas J, et al. Hyaluronic acid in tissue hydration and healing. Vet Med. 2008;53(8):397-411.
6. Salwowska NM, et al. Biological properties of hyaluronic acid. Dermatol Rev. 2016;103(1):1-12. PMID: 27378383.
7. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04619611. Hyaluronic acid in connective tissue modeling studies.
8. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05191339. Experimental HA evaluation in dermal biomechanical research.

Storage

Initial Preservation via Lyophilization

This product is provided in a lyophilized format, achieved through a process of cryodesiccation. This method ensures that the peptide structure remains stable and chemically inert by removing moisture without damaging the molecular bonds. In its lyophilized state, the product is stable for 3 to 4 months at room temperature during transit.

Reconstitution and Solution Stability

Once the product is reconstituted using a sterile diluent, its shelf life is reduced. It must be stored in a refrigerator at temperatures between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius (36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit). For optimal research results, the reconstituted solution should be used within 30 days.

Long-Term Cryogenic Storage

For researchers requiring long-term storage (months to years), it is recommended to keep the lyophilized powder in a freezer at -20 or -80 degrees Celsius. This prevents the gradual hydrolysis of the glycosidic chains and preserves the purity of the material.

Handling Procedures and Best Practices

• Moisture Prevention: To prevent condensation, allow the vial to reach room temperature before opening the seal.
• Light Sensitivity: Keep vials in the dark or use amber containers to protect the compound from UV-induced degradation.
• Freeze-Thaw Cycles: Avoid repeated freezing and thawing of reconstituted solutions, as this can cause physical shearing of the long HA polymers.
• Aliquot Strategy: Divide the solution into single-use portions to minimize environmental exposure and maintain the integrity of the bulk material.