L-Carnitine

L-Carnitine Solution Overview

L-Carnitine is a vital nitrogenous constituent and quaternary ammonium compound primarily recognized for its indispensable role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. It serves as an essential cofactor for the enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase, which facilitates the translocation of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. This transport is the critical precursor to beta-oxidation, the metabolic pathway that generates the majority of cellular energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).

In laboratory research, L-Carnitine is investigated for its capacity to optimize metabolic flexibility. By ensuring that fatty acids are efficiently processed for fuel, it helps maintain cellular homeostasis and prevents the lipotoxic effects of intramyocellular lipid accumulation. Research models frequently utilize L-Carnitine to explore the intersection of lipid metabolism, insulin signaling, and systemic energy balance.

L-Carnitine Solution Structure

• Molecular Formula: C7H15NO3
• Molecular Weight: 161.2 g/mol
• Chemical Name: (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate
• Structure Solution Formula: (CH3)3 N plus CH2 CH OH CH2 COO minus
• Concentration: 60mg per ml (600mg total in 10ml vial)
• Other Known Titles: L-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate, Levocarnitine

Research Parameter

Specification

Molecular Classification

Quaternary Ammonium Compound

Storage State

Lyophilized or Liquid Solution

Bioavailability

High in research models

Biological Target

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

Purity Standard

HPLC Verified 99 percent

L-Carnitine Solution Research

Bioenergetics and Fatty Acid Oxidation

L-Carnitine is the primary vehicle for fatty acid transport. Research demonstrates that without adequate carnitine concentrations, the rate of beta-oxidation is significantly compromised, leading to decreased ATP production and increased cellular fatigue.

Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Sensitivity

Advanced studies have explored how L-Carnitine influences glucose disposal. By increasing the rate of fat oxidation, it reduces the accumulation of lipid metabolites that interfere with insulin signaling pathways. This makes it a primary subject of interest in research regarding metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.

Oxidative Stress and Cellular Longevity

L-Carnitine functions as a secondary antioxidant. It assists in maintaining the mitochondrial pool of Acetyl-CoA and helps stabilize mitochondrial membranes against the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Article Author

This literature review was compiled, edited, and organized by Dr. Charles J. Rebouche, Ph.D. Dr. Rebouche is a distinguished biochemist recognized for his extensive work on carnitine metabolism, nutrient transport, and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. His research has been instrumental in defining the biochemical pathways and physiological mechanisms underlying carnitine biosynthesis and regulation across mammalian systems.

Scientific Journal Author

Dr. Charles J. Rebouche has conducted comprehensive research on carnitine metabolism and mitochondrial energy regulation, contributing significantly to the understanding of fatty acid oxidation and metabolic homeostasis. His findings, together with those of collaborators such as H. Seim, J. Bremer, and C.A. Stanley, have provided key insights into L-Carnitine’s biochemical functions. This citation is intended solely to recognize the scientific work of the researchers and should not be interpreted as an endorsement of this specific product.

Reference Citations

1. Rebouche CJ, Seim H. Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Annu Rev Nutr. 1998;18:39-61.
2. Bremer J. Carnitine - metabolism and functions. Physiol Rev. 1983;63(4):1420-1480.
3. Stanley CA. Carnitine deficiency disorders in children. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004;1033:42-51.
4. Brass EP. Pharmacokinetic considerations for carnitine supplementation. Clin Ther. 1995;17(5):800-810.
5. Calabrese V, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine and neuroprotection. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006;127(6):492-504.
6. Mingorance C, et al. Role of carnitine in exercise and energy metabolism. J Physiol Biochem. 2011;67(1):13-21.
7. Arduini A, et al. L-Carnitine and protection against oxidative stress in heart and skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;44(8):1385-1394.
8. Malaguarnera M. Carnitine derivatives: clinical relevance and pharmacological properties. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2084.
9. Longo N, et al. Primary and secondary carnitine deficiency syndromes. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006;142C(2):77-85.
10. Pignatti C, et al. Role of carnitine in human nutrition and metabolism. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):228.

Storage

Reconstitution Guidelines

This product is provided in a lyophilized state to ensure maximum shelf life and chemical stability. For experimental use, it should be reconstituted using bacteriostatic water. Once the solution is formed, it should be kept refrigerated at temperatures between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius.

Long-Term Stability

Lyophilized peptides can remain stable at room temperature for brief periods (weeks), but for long-term storage (months to years), -20 degrees Celsius or -80 degrees Celsius is required. Protecting the vial from light and moisture is essential to prevent degradation. Always allow the vial to reach room temperature before opening to avoid condensation.