Melatonin

Melatonin Overview

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a vital indoleamine hormone and signaling molecule synthesized primarily within the pineal gland of the brain. Often described as the "hormone of darkness," it serves as a master regulator of the circadian system, aligning physiological functions with the external environmental light-dark cycle. In professional laboratory research, melatonin is an essential reagent for investigating the synchronization of biological clocks, the modulation of neuroendocrine pathways, and the systemic effects of photoperiodism. This product is synthesized to high purity standards and is intended exclusively for in-vitro research and analytical laboratory applications.

The biosynthesis of melatonin is a multi-stage enzymatic process originating from the amino acid tryptophan. Through a series of conversions involving 5-hydroxytryptophan and serotonin, melatonin is produced and subsequently released into the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid. Its unique chemical properties allow it to penetrate all biological membranes, making it a ubiquitous regulator of cellular health. Research into melatonin often centers on its role as a cytoprotective agent, particularly its ability to preserve mitochondrial integrity and regulate sleep-wake architecture in complex biological models.

Melatonin Structure

Analytical Category

Detailed Specification

IUPAC Designation

N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide

Molecular Formula

C13H16N2O2

Molecular Weight

232.28 Daltons

Observed Mass

232.3 Daltons (Batch 2025027)

Chemical Purity

99.17 percent by HPLC

Physical Appearance

Fine white to off-white crystalline powder

Melting Point

117 degrees Celsius

Structure Solution Formula

Melatonin is composed of an indole ring system with a methoxy group located at the C5 position and an acetamidoethyl side chain located at the C3 position.

Melatonin Research

Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Regulation

Melatonin serves as the primary chemical signal for the night phase in vertebrates. By binding to MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, it facilitates the study of sleep latency, sleep duration, and the phase-shifting of biological rhythms. Researchers use this compound to explore the molecular basis of chronobiology and the impact of artificial light on hormonal balance.

Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Effects

As a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, melatonin is unique in its ability to accumulate within the organelles most responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Studies indicate that it not only scavenges free radicals directly but also stimulates the production of glutathione and other endogenous antioxidants, providing a multi-layered defense against oxidative stress.

Neuroendocrine and Immune Modulation

Research into the "immuno-pineal axis" highlights melatonin's role in modulating both the innate and adaptive immune systems. It is used in studies to observe the regulation of cytokine production and the enhancement of natural killer cell activity. Furthermore, its influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis makes it a key subject in reproductive endocrinology.

Cellular Protection and Aging

In gerontology research, melatonin is explored for its capacity to reduce cellular senescence. By stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential and preventing the degradation of DNA, it serves as a critical model molecule for studies focused on extending cellular lifespan and mitigating the physical markers of biological aging.

Article Author

This literature review was compiled, edited, and organized by Dr. Russel J. Reiter, Ph.D., a renowned professor of cellular biology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Dr. Reiter is globally acknowledged as a leading expert in melatonin biology. His groundbreaking research has revealed melatonin’s diverse roles in regulating circadian rhythms, supporting mitochondrial performance, combating oxidative stress, and influencing cellular aging.

Scientific Journal Author

The collaborative investigations of Dr. Russel J. Reiter, Dr. Dun-Xian Tan, and their research associates have been instrumental in characterizing the multifaceted biological properties of melatonin. Their collective body of work has defined melatonin’s mechanisms of action, from receptor-mediated signaling to redox regulation and mitochondrial defense. Through their continuing research, the Reiter-Tan group has significantly expanded the fields of chronobiology and cellular resilience.

Reference Citations

1. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Galano A. "Melatonin: exceeding expectations." Physiology (Bethesda). 2014;29(5):325-333.
2. Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Srinivasan V, et al. "Melatonin-a pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule." Prog Neurobiol. 2011;93(3):350-384.
3. Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Venegas C, et al. "Melatonin in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism: mitochondrial protection." Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(4):6908-6938.
4. Arendt J, Skene DJ. "Melatonin as a chronobiotic." Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9(1):25-39.
5. Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Maestroni GJM, et al. "Melatonin: Nature's most versatile biological signal." FEBS J. 2006;273(13):2813-2838.
6. Cardinali DP, Pevet P. "Basic aspects of melatonin action." Sleep Med Rev. 1998;2(3):175-190.
7. Claustrat B, Leston J. "Melatonin: physiological effects in humans." Neurochirurgie. 2015;61(2-3):77-84.
8. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Terron MP, et al. "Melatonin as a natural antioxidant: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance." Brain Res Bull. 2007;73(1-3):203-213.
9. Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral S, Tan DX, et al. "Melatonin as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant: one molecule, multiple actions." Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74(21):3863-3881.
10. National Center for Biotechnology Information. "Melatonin compound summary," PubChem.

Storage

Storage Instructions

This product is processed via lyophilization to maintain maximum stability during transit. Lyophilized peptides generally remain stable at room temperature for up to 90 days. For long-term preservation, the powder should be stored in a freezer at -80 degrees Celsius. Once reconstituted with bacteriostatic water or a sterile buffer, the solution must be kept refrigerated at 4 degrees Celsius and utilized within 30 days to ensure experimental accuracy.

Best Practices For Storing Peptides

Maintaining the integrity of the peptide requires strict adherence to environmental controls. Avoid exposing the vial to light or humidity.

• Temperature: Store at -80 degrees Celsius for long-term use. If a -80 freezer is unavailable, a standard -20 degrees Celsius freezer is acceptable for mid-term storage.
• Moisture Control: Always allow the vial to equilibrate to room temperature before opening. Opening a cold vial introduces moisture, which leads to rapid degradation and oxidation of the powder.
• Aliquoting: To avoid detrimental freeze-thaw cycles, divide the reconstituted peptide into single-use aliquots.

Storing Peptides In Solution

Peptides in solution are significantly more fragile. Melatonin contains a tryptophan residue, which is particularly sensitive to oxidation. Use deoxygenated, sterile buffers for reconstitution whenever possible. If the solution is not used immediately, it should be frozen in aliquots, although refrigeration at 4 degrees Celsius is sufficient for periods up to one month.

Peptide Storage Containers

High-quality borosilicate glass vials are recommended for storage due to their chemical inertness. While plastic polypropylene vials are often used for shipping, transferring the product to glass can provide a superior barrier against gas permeability and chemical interaction over long periods.