Thymosin Alpha-1

Thymosin Alpha-1 Peptide Overview

Thymosin Alpha-1 (T-alpha-1) is a synthetic polypeptide comprising 28 amino acids, mirroring the structure of a peptide naturally synthesized within the thymus gland. Originally isolated in 1972 from thymic fraction 5, it serves as a critical biological response modifier. This peptide is fundamental to the maturation and differentiation of T-cells, which are the primary drivers of adaptive immunity. By acting as a signaling molecule, it helps the body recognize and respond to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. It is currently approved for clinical use in over 35 countries, primarily for the management of chronic Hepatitis B and C, and remains a subject of intense research for its roles in oncology and infectious disease management.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Peptide Structure

The primary structure of Thymosin Alpha-1 is a linear chain that lacks secondary folding like many larger proteins, allowing it to interact effectively with cell surface receptors.

Structure Solution Formula: Acetyl-Serine-Aspartic Acid-Alanine-Alanine-Valine-Aspartic Acid-Threonine-Serine-Serine-Glutamic Acid-Isoleucine-Threonine-Threonine-Lysine-Aspartic Acid-Leucine-Lysine-Glutamic Acid-Lysine-Lysine-Glutamic Acid-Valine-Valine-Glutamic Acid-Glutamic Acid-Alanine-Glutamic Acid-Asparagine

Parameter

Specification

Sequence Length

28 Amino Acid Residues

Molecular Weight

3108.3 Daltons

Purity Standard

98 percent or higher

Source

Synthetic / Laboratory Grade

Solubility

Water Soluble

Thymosin Alpha-1 Research

Systemic Immune Modulation

Thymosin Alpha-1 is renowned for its ability to regulate the immune system rather than simply stimulating it. It functions through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR-9 and TLR-2, on dendritic cells. This activation initiates a cascade that leads to the increased production of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-cells, which are essential for identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells.

Sepsis and Life-Threatening Inflammation

In the context of sepsis, the body often suffers from a cytokine storm followed by a period of profound immune suppression. Research indicates that T-alpha-1 can help prevent the apoptosis (programmed cell death) of immune cells during this critical window. Studies have shown that its administration can lead to improved survival rates by balancing the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Neurogenesis and Brain Health

Recent mouse models have explored the peptide’s influence on the Central Nervous System. By crossing into the neural environment, T-alpha-1 appears to stimulate genes involved in synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment. This has led to investigations into its potential for treating neurodevelopmental disorders such as cerebral palsy and age-related cognitive decline.

Antifungal and Antiviral Synergy

T-alpha-1 enhances the body’s ability to fight off invasive fungal infections, such as aspergillosis, by activating dendritic cells. In viral research, particularly involving HIV and Hepatitis, the peptide acts as an adjunct to traditional therapies. It helps restore the function of CD8 T-cells, which are often exhausted in chronic viral states.

Cancer and Proliferation Control

In oncology research, Thymosin Alpha-1 has demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines, including lung (A549) and breast cancer. It works by slowing down cell migration and invasion. When combined with chemotherapy, it has been shown to improve the efficacy of the treatment while potentially shielding the immune system from the toxic side effects of the drugs.

Article Author

Scientific Editorial Team, Peptide Research Institute.

Scientific Journal Author

Dr. Mario Genazzani, Specialist in Immuno-pharmacology.

Reference Citations

1. Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, et al. Thymosin alpha-1 and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2012;1269:26-32.
2. Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;103(11):4232-4239.
3. King R, Tuthill C. Immune modulation with thymosin alpha 1 treatment. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:151-178.
4. Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Medaglini D. Thymosin alpha 1 as immune adjuvant in therapeutic vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018;18(sup1):61-67.
5. Sherman KE, Sjogren MH, Creager RL, et al. Thymosin alpha-1 and interferon for chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 1998;27(4):1128-1135.
6. Cordero OJ, Salgado FJ, Vinuela JE, et al. Immune activation by thymosin alpha 1 in subjects with immunodeficiency. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001;1(12):1949-1959.
7. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A reappraisal of thymosin alpha-1 in cancer therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873.
8. Matteucci C, Grelli S, De Smaele E, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 and immune response: new insights and potential applications. Future Sci OA. 2017;3(3):FSO236.
9. ClinicalTrials.gov. Thymosin Alpha 1 in Immunodeficiency. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00586981
10. Fabris N, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 in immunotherapy. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1991;13(3):167-176.

Storage

All products are supplied as a white, lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder to ensure maximum stability during transit.

• Lyophilized Powder: Stable at room temperature for 3 to 4 months.
• Reconstituted Solution: Must be refrigerated (2 to 8 degrees Celsius) and used within 30 days.
• Long-term Storage: Keep at -20 or -80 degrees Celsius for up to 2 years.
• Protection: Keep away from direct sunlight and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
• Safety: Allow vials to reach room temperature before opening to avoid moisture contamination.